Find out about Pulse Wave Analysis
Devices
In the following table, we judge and conclude about the devices based on their applicability of the daily routine clinical use and/or research purposes.
The evaluation of the accuracy and the reliability of the parameters measured by the devices are not based on the claims of the manufacturer but solely on the data available from the scientific literature.
Tensiomed, Hungary
Arteriograph
PWVao
AIXao
SBPao
The first, patented, user-independent, simple and fast, single upper-arm suprasystolic cuff-based method, suitable for daily clinical routine work. Validated invasively. Existing cardiovascular outcome studies. Does not use generalized transfer function (GTF).
Tensiomed, Hungary
Arteriograph24
PWVao
AIXao
SBPao
User-independent, simple, single upper-arm suprasystolic cuff-based method, suitable for daily clinical routine work (both office measurement and 24-hour monitoring). The measuring algorithm validated invasively. Does not use generalized transfer function (GTF).
Boso, Germany
Boso ABI 100
PWVcf* PWVba**
AIXao
SBPao
User-independent oscillometric ABI device, providing PWVba (brachial ankle) and estimated PWVcf (carotid femoral). None of PWVs are validated clinically.
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*The device provides an estimation of carotid-femoral PWV from the brachial-ankle PWV using an unknown, unpublished method.
**No validation or other paper available according to Pubmed database.
USCOM, Australia
BP+
PWVao
AIXao*
SBPao
User-independent, simple, fast, single upper arm cuff-based oscillometric, suprasystolic method. SBPao was invasively validated but using standard non-invasive calibration the agreement was weak (mean difference and SD; -7±9 mmHg).
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*No paper is available about invasive validation of AIXao.
Pjotr Telegrin, Russia
BPLab
PWVao*
AIXao**
SBPao**
User-independent, simple, fast, single upper arm cuff-based oscillometric, suprasystolic method. Uses non-validated generalized transfer function (GTF).
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*PWVao correlates 99.7% with age and brachial SBP, indicating that the device does not measure real PWVao.
**No invasive validation of AIXao and SBPao.
HealthSTATS, Singapore
BPro
PWVao
AIXao
SBPao
Wrist-sensor based applanation tonometric device. Sensitive to the sensor positioning on the radial artery. Validated invasively, however, in one paper, at lower central SBP values the device overestimated the SBPao, while at higher central SBP values the device underestimated the SBPao. Requires BP calibration. Does not use generalized transfer function (GTF).
Alam Medical, France
Complior
PWVcf
AIXao
SBPao
Traditional, relatively time-consuming method with piezoelectric sensors, requires trained personnel. Invasively validated PWVcf, SBPao and AIXao. The device may overestimate the PWVao especially in cases of higher PWV, due to the simultaneous recording of carotid and femoral pressure curves, and the opposite propagation of the aortic pulse pressure waves to carotid and femoral sites. Existing several cardiovascular outcome studies.Does not use generalized transfer function (GTF).
Custo med, Germany
Custo Screen 310
PWVao*
AIXao
SBPao
User-independent, simple, and fast single upper-arm cuff based method for 24h measurement of peripheral and central blood pressure. Acquisition of the oscillometric pulse waves takes place during the deflation of the cuff. The algorithm uses adaptive transfer function. SBPao is validated invasively. No paper available about other stiffness parameters.
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*No paper is available about invasive PWVao validation.
I.E.M, Germany
Mobil-o-Graph
PWVao*
AIXao*
SBPao
User-independent, simple and fast single upper-arm diastolic cuff pressure-based method . Unreliable PWVao measurement (ARC Solver Algorithm). PWVao correlates 99% with age and SBP indicating no real PWVao measurement. SBPao validated invasively. Uses non-validated generalized transfer function (GTF).
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*No paper is available about invasive AIXao validation.
Omron, Japan
Omron VP-1000
PWVba
AIXao
SBPao
Oscillometric ABI device, providing PWVba (brachial ankle), requiring four cuffs and other sensors. During brachial-ankle PWV measurement the representation of the aorta is partial, although only the aortic PWV has prognostic value for CV endpoints. No validation paper available. Existing outcome study.
Axelife, France
Popmetre
PWVft
AIXao
SBPao
Photoplethysmographic device measuring PWVft (finger-toe) of which clinical significance has not yet been clarified, because the pulse transit time between finger and toe are influenced not only by the aorta, but also by several muscular type peripheral arteries, too, which prognostic value has not been proven. It shows week correlation with invasively measured aortic PWV.
Diatecne, Italy
Pulsepen
PWVcf
AIXao*
SBPao*
User-dependent and time-consuming applanation tonometric device with ECG gating for PWVao measurement. Its use requires trained personnel. Aortic PWV validated invasively. Does not use generalized transfer function (GTF).
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*No paper is available about invasive SBPao and AIXao validation.
Schiller, Germany
Schiller BR-102 plus PWA
PWVao*
AIXao*
SBPao
User-independent, simple and fast single upper-arm diastolic cuff pressure-based method uses the same algorithm (ARCSolver) available in Mobil-o-Graph. For this reason, we refer to the relevant scientific papers of Mobil-o-Graph. Unreliable PWVao measurement (ARC Solver Algorithm). PWVao correlates 99% with age and SBP indicating no real PWVao measurement. SBPao validated invasively. Uses non-validated generalized transfer function (GTF).
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*No paper is available about invasive AIXao validation.
AtCor, Australia
SphygmoCor CPV
PWVao
PWVcf
AIXao
SBPao
Time-consuming user-dependent applanation tonometric method with ECG gating for PWVao measurement. Its use requires trained personnel. Existing cardiovascular outcome studie. Uses invasively validated generalized transfer function (GTF). Invasively validated AIXao and SBPao. PWVao is also validated invasively, however the limit of agreement according to Bland-Altman plot turned to be high -3.8 m/s (-2SD) and 4.1 m/s (+2SD).
AtCor, Australia
SphygmoCor Xcel
PWVao
PWVcf*
SBPao
AIXao
Oscillometric, user-independent, simple and fast sub-diastolic single upper arm cuff method for PWA, and simultaneous applanation tonometric (carotid) + oscillometric (thigh) method for cfPWV measurement. The PWV measurement is time-consuming and user dependent. The device may overestimate the PWVao especially in cases of higher PWV, due to the simultaneous recording of carotid and femoral pressure curves, and the opposite propagation of the aortic pulse pressure waves to carotid and femoral sites. AIXao and SBPao are validated invasively. However, the device underestimated the AIXao with 7.7 ± 12.7% and the limits of agreement between the differences of the invasively and the device measured values were -33.1% (-2SD) and +17.7% (+2SD), hardly acceptable for clinical use.
Uses invasively non-validated generalized transfer function to produce aortic pulse pressure waveforms from the brachial artery pressure waveforms (GTF).
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*No paper is available about invasive PWVcf validation.
Skidmore Medical, U.K.
Vicorder
PWVao
PWVcf*
SBPao**
AIXao**
User-independent and simple, simultaneous carotid-femoral cuff-based method to assess PWVao. The device may overestimate the PWVao especially in cases of higher PWV, due to the simultaneous recording of carotid and femoral pressure curves, and the opposite propagation of the aortic pulse pressure waves to carotid and femoral sites. Existing cardiovascular outcome study.
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*No paper is available about invasive PWVcf validation.
**No validation study available for AIXao and SBPao.
Welch-Allyn, Germany
Welch-Allyn 7100
PWVao*
SBPao
AIXao*
User-independent, simple and fast single upper-arm diastolic cuff pressure-based method uses the same algorithm (ARCSolver) available in Mobil-o-Graph. For this reason, we refer to the relevant scientific papers of Mobil-o-Graph. Unreliable PWVao measurement (ARC Solver Algorithm). PWVao correlates 99% with age and SBP indicating no real PWVao measurement. SBPao validated invasively. Uses non-validated generalized transfer function (GTF).
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*No paper is available about invasive AIXao validation.
**PWA upgrade is not available in the USA.
Abbreviations
PWVao: aortic Pulse Wave Velocity
SBPao: aortic (central) Systolic Blood Pressure
AIXao: aortic Augmentation Index
ao: aortic
ba: brachial-ankle
br: brachial
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cf: carotid femoral
ft: finger-toe
ra: radial